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playing with NetBSD, here is a pkgsrc that insert modules into running pulseaudio using devpubd

To: pkgsrcusers <pkgsrc-users%NetBSD.org@localhost>
Subject: playing with NetBSD, here is a pkgsrc that insert modules into running pulseaudio using devpubd
From: lenzi himself <nervoso%k1.com.br@localhost>
Date: Mon, 04 May 2026 18:46:03 -0300

the file is in shar file, one can drop into /usr/pkgsrc/audio, and do a make && make install than

one can plug a usb audio, and if your pulseaudio was compiled with dbus,

it will accept sinks (audio) on the fly...

####################################################

# This is a shell archive. Save it in a file, remove anything before

# this line, and then unpack it by entering "sh file". Note, it may

# create directories; files and directories will be owned by you and

# have default permissions.

# This archive contains:

# pa-hotplug

# pa-hotplug/README

# pa-hotplug/DEINSTALL

# pa-hotplug/DESCR

# pa-hotplug/INSTALL

# pa-hotplug/files

# pa-hotplug/files/pa-hotplug.c

# pa-hotplug/files/pa-hotplug.desktop

# pa-hotplug/files/pa-hotplug-dbus.conf

# pa-hotplug/files/Makefile

# pa-hotplug/files/devpubd-hook.sh

# pa-hotplug/Makefile

# pa-hotplug/PLIST

# pa-hotplug/distinfo

# pa-hotplug/.config

# pa-hotplug/.config/pulse

echo c - pa-hotplug

mkdir -p pa-hotplug > /dev/null 2>&1

echo x - pa-hotplug/README

sed 's/^X//' >pa-hotplug/README << 'END-of-pa-hotplug/README'

Xpa-hotplug - Bridge devpubd audio events to PulseAudio via D-Bus

XINSTALL

X-------

XCopy this directory into your pkgsrc tree and build:

X cp -R pa-hotplug /usr/pkgsrc/audio/pa-hotplug

X cd /usr/pkgsrc/audio/pa-hotplug

X make install

XOr build from any location:

X cd pa-hotplug

X make PKGSRCDIR=/usr/pkgsrc install

XREQUIREMENTS

X------------

X- NetBSD 10+

X- dbus (sysutils/dbus)

X- pulseaudio (audio/pulseaudio)

X- User must be in the "pulse" group to receive D-Bus signals

XHOW IT WORKS

X------------

X1. devpubd hook (devpubd-hook.sh) runs as root when audio devices

X attach/detach, sends D-Bus signal on the system bus.

X2. D-Bus policy (pa-hotplug-dbus.conf) allows root to send signals

X and users in pulse group to receive them.

X3. User daemon (pa-hotplug) listens for D-Bus signals via dbus-monitor,

X loads/unloads module-oss in PulseAudio via pactl.

X4. Daemon tracks parent session PID; exits when session ends.

XLICENSE

X-------

XISC

END-of-pa-hotplug/README

echo x - pa-hotplug/DEINSTALL

sed 's/^X//' >pa-hotplug/DEINSTALL << 'END-of-pa-hotplug/DEINSTALL'

X#!/bin/sh

X# $NetBSD$

Xcase ${STAGE} in

XPOST-DEINSTALL)

X dbus-send --system --type=method_call \

X --dest=org.freedesktop.DBus \

X /org/freedesktop/DBus \

X org.freedesktop.DBus.ReloadConfig \

X 2>/dev/null || true

X ;;

Xesac

END-of-pa-hotplug/DEINSTALL

echo x - pa-hotplug/DESCR

sed 's/^X//' >pa-hotplug/DESCR << 'END-of-pa-hotplug/DESCR'

XBridge between NetBSD devpubd device hotplug events and PulseAudio.

XWhen a USB audio device is plugged in, devpubd calls a hook script that

Xsends a D-Bus signal on the system bus. A user-level daemon listens for

Xthese signals and loads/unloads the appropriate PulseAudio OSS module.

END-of-pa-hotplug/DESCR

echo x - pa-hotplug/INSTALL

sed 's/^X//' >pa-hotplug/INSTALL << 'END-of-pa-hotplug/INSTALL'

X#!/bin/sh

X# $NetBSD$

Xcase ${STAGE} in

XPOST-INSTALL)

X dbus-send --system --type=method_call \

X --dest=org.freedesktop.DBus \

X /org/freedesktop/DBus \

X org.freedesktop.DBus.ReloadConfig \

X 2>/dev/null || true

X ;;

Xesac

END-of-pa-hotplug/INSTALL

echo c - pa-hotplug/files

mkdir -p pa-hotplug/files > /dev/null 2>&1

echo x - pa-hotplug/files/pa-hotplug.c

sed 's/^X//' >pa-hotplug/files/pa-hotplug.c << 'END-of-pa-hotplug/files/pa-hotplug.c'

X/*

X * pa-hotplug - bridge devpubd audio events to PulseAudio via D-Bus

X *

X * Listens on the system bus for org.netbsd.DeviceHotplug signals

X * and loads/unloads PulseAudio OSS modules accordingly.

X *

X * Exits when the parent session (mate-session/gdm/xdm) goes away.

X */

X#include <sys/types.h>

X#include <sys/stat.h>

X#include <ctype.h>

X#include <dirent.h>

X#include <err.h>

X#include <errno.h>

X#include <limits.h>

X#include <signal.h>

X#include <stdio.h>

X#include <stdlib.h>

X#include <string.h>

X#include <syslog.h>

X#include <unistd.h>

X#include <util.h>

X#include <dbus/dbus.h>

X#define MAX_MODULES 16

X#define POLL_TIMEOUT 5000 /* ms */

X#define HOTPLUG_IFACE "org.netbsd.DeviceHotplug"

X#define HOTPLUG_PATH "/org/netbsd/DeviceHotplug"

X#define MATCH_RULE "type='signal',interface='" HOTPLUG_IFACE "'"

Xstruct module {

X char device[64];

X int index;

X};

Xstatic struct module modules[MAX_MODULES];

Xstatic int nmodules;

Xstatic pid_t session_pid;

Xstatic volatile sig_atomic_t quit;

Xstatic char pulse_server[PATH_MAX];

Xstatic void sighandler(int);

Xstatic void cleanup(void);

Xstatic void find_pulse_socket(void);

Xstatic int valid_device(const char *);

Xstatic int load_module(const char *);

Xstatic void unload_module(int);

Xstatic void handle_add(const char *);

Xstatic void handle_remove(const char *);

Xstatic int session_alive(void);

Xstatic DBusHandlerResult

Xsignal_filter(DBusConnection *conn, DBusMessage *msg, void *data)

X const char *dev;

X const char *iface, *member, *sender;

X (void)conn;

X (void)data;

X iface = dbus_message_get_interface(msg);

X member = dbus_message_get_member(msg);

X sender = dbus_message_get_sender(msg);

X syslog(LOG_DEBUG, "dbus signal: iface=%s member=%s sender=%s",

X iface ? iface : "(null)",

X member ? member : "(null)",

X sender ? sender : "(null)");

X if (dbus_message_is_signal(msg, HOTPLUG_IFACE, "DeviceAdded")) {

X if (dbus_message_get_args(msg, NULL,

X DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &dev, DBUS_TYPE_INVALID)) {

X syslog(LOG_DEBUG, "DeviceAdded: dev=%s", dev);

X handle_add(dev);

X } else {

X syslog(LOG_WARNING, "DeviceAdded: failed to get args");

X }

X return (DBUS_HANDLER_RESULT_HANDLED);

X }

X if (dbus_message_is_signal(msg, HOTPLUG_IFACE, "DeviceRemoved")) {

X if (dbus_message_get_args(msg, NULL,

X DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &dev, DBUS_TYPE_INVALID)) {

X syslog(LOG_DEBUG, "DeviceRemoved: dev=%s", dev);

X handle_remove(dev);

X } else {

X syslog(LOG_WARNING, "DeviceRemoved: failed to get args");

X }

X return (DBUS_HANDLER_RESULT_HANDLED);

X }

X return (DBUS_HANDLER_RESULT_NOT_YET_HANDLED);

Xstatic void

Xsighandler(int sig)

X (void)sig;

X quit = 1;

Xstatic void

Xcleanup(void)

X pidfile_clean();

X/*

X * Find the PulseAudio native socket.

X * Checks /run/user/UID/pulse/native first, then scans /tmp/pulse-* dirs.

X * This avoids relying on PULSE_SERVER environment after daemon(3).

X */

Xstatic void

Xfind_pulse_socket(void)

X struct stat sb;

X char path[PATH_MAX];

X DIR *dp;

X struct dirent *de;

X /* try XDG_RUNTIME_DIR/pulse/native */

X (void)snprintf(path, sizeof(path),

X "/run/user/%d/pulse/native", (int)getuid());

X if (stat(path, &sb) == 0 && S_ISSOCK(sb.st_mode)) {

X (void)snprintf(pulse_server, sizeof(pulse_server),

X "unix:%s", path);

X syslog(LOG_DEBUG, "pulse socket: %s", pulse_server);

X return;

X }

X /* scan /tmp for pulse-* directories containing native socket */

X dp = opendir("/tmp");

X if (dp != NULL) {

X while ((de = readdir(dp)) != NULL) {

X if (strncmp(de->d_name, "pulse-", 6) != 0)

X continue;

X (void)snprintf(path, sizeof(path),

X "/tmp/%s/native", de->d_name);

X if (stat(path, &sb) == 0 && S_ISSOCK(sb.st_mode)) {

X (void)snprintf(pulse_server,

X sizeof(pulse_server), "unix:%s", path);

X syslog(LOG_DEBUG, "pulse socket: %s",

X pulse_server);

X (void)closedir(dp);

X return;

X }

X (void)closedir(dp);

X }

X /* fallback: let pactl figure it out */

X pulse_server[0] = '\0';

X syslog(LOG_WARNING, "pulse socket not found, pactl may fail");

X/*

X * Validate device path: must be /dev/audio followed by digits only.

X */

Xstatic int

Xvalid_device(const char *dev)

X const char *p;

X if (strncmp(dev, "/dev/audio", 10) != 0)

X return (0);

X for (p = dev + 10; *p != '\0'; p++) {

X if (!isdigit((unsigned char)*p))

X return (0);

X }

X return (1);

Xstatic int

Xload_module(const char *dev)

X FILE *fp;

X char cmd[256];

X char buf[64];

X long idx;

X int i;

X if (pulse_server[0] != '\0')

X (void)snprintf(cmd, sizeof(cmd),

X "pactl --server=%s load-module module-oss device=%s",

X pulse_server, dev);

X else

X (void)snprintf(cmd, sizeof(cmd),

X "pactl load-module module-oss device=%s", dev);

X syslog(LOG_DEBUG, "running: %s", cmd);

X fp = popen(cmd, "r");

X if (fp == NULL) {

X syslog(LOG_ERR, "popen failed: %s", strerror(errno));

X return (-1);

X }

X if (fgets(buf, sizeof(buf), fp) == NULL) {

X syslog(LOG_ERR, "pactl returned no output for %s", dev);

X (void)pclose(fp);

X return (-1);

X }

X i = pclose(fp);

X syslog(LOG_DEBUG, "pactl output: '%s' (exit %d)", buf, i);

X idx = strtol(buf, NULL, 10);

X return (idx > 0 ? (int)idx : -1);

Xstatic void

Xunload_module(int idx)

X char cmd[256];

X if (pulse_server[0] != '\0')

X (void)snprintf(cmd, sizeof(cmd),

X "pactl --server=%s unload-module %d",

X pulse_server, idx);

X else

X (void)snprintf(cmd, sizeof(cmd),

X "pactl unload-module %d", idx);

X syslog(LOG_DEBUG, "running: %s", cmd);

X (void)system(cmd);

Xstatic void

Xhandle_add(const char *dev)

X int i, idx;

X if (!valid_device(dev)) {

X syslog(LOG_DEBUG, "ignoring non-audio device: %s", dev);

X return;

X }

X for (i = 0; i < nmodules; i++) {

X if (strcmp(modules[i].device, dev) == 0) {

X syslog(LOG_DEBUG, "device %s already tracked", dev);

X return;

X }

X if (nmodules >= MAX_MODULES) {

X syslog(LOG_WARNING, "too many modules, ignoring %s", dev);

X return;

X }

X syslog(LOG_DEBUG, "loading module-oss for %s", dev);

X idx = load_module(dev);

X if (idx < 0) {

X syslog(LOG_ERR, "failed to load module-oss for %s", dev);

X return;

X }

X strlcpy(modules[nmodules].device, dev, sizeof(modules[0].device));

X modules[nmodules].index = idx;

X nmodules++;

X syslog(LOG_INFO, "loaded module-oss for %s (index %d)", dev, idx);

Xstatic void

Xhandle_remove(const char *dev)

X int i;

X for (i = 0; i < nmodules; i++) {

X if (strcmp(modules[i].device, dev) == 0) {

X syslog(LOG_INFO, "unloading module %d for %s",

X modules[i].index, dev);

X unload_module(modules[i].index);

X nmodules--;

X if (i < nmodules)

X modules[i] = modules[nmodules];

X return;

X }

Xstatic int

Xsession_alive(void)

X if (session_pid <= 1)

X return (1);

X return (kill(session_pid, 0) == 0);

Xint

Xmain(int argc, char *argv[])

X int i;

X pid_t otherpid;

X const char *rundir;

X char pidbuf[PATH_MAX];

X DBusError dberr;

X DBusConnection *conn;

X (void)argc;

X (void)argv;

X /* save parent PID before daemonizing */

X session_pid = getppid();

X rundir = getenv("XDG_RUNTIME_DIR");

X if (rundir != NULL)

X (void)snprintf(pidbuf, sizeof(pidbuf),

X "%s/pa-hotplug.pid", rundir);

X else

X (void)snprintf(pidbuf, sizeof(pidbuf),

X "/tmp/pa-hotplug-%d.pid", (int)getuid());

X otherpid = pidfile_lock(pidbuf);

X if (otherpid > 0)

X errx(1, "already running (pid %d)", (int)otherpid);

X if (otherpid == -1)

X err(1, "pidfile_lock");

X if (daemon(0, 0) == -1) {

X pidfile_clean();

X err(1, "daemon");

X }

X /* re-lock after daemon() to record new PID */

X (void)pidfile_lock(pidbuf);

X openlog("pa-hotplug", LOG_PID, LOG_DAEMON);

X syslog(LOG_INFO, "started, tracking session pid %d",

X (int)session_pid);

X syslog(LOG_DEBUG, "uid=%d euid=%d", (int)getuid(), (int)geteuid());

X find_pulse_socket();

X signal(SIGTERM, sighandler);

X signal(SIGINT, sighandler);

X signal(SIGHUP, sighandler);

X /* connect to the system bus */

X dbus_error_init(&dberr);

X conn = dbus_bus_get(DBUS_BUS_SYSTEM, &dberr);

X if (conn == NULL) {

X syslog(LOG_ERR, "dbus_bus_get: %s", dberr.message);

X dbus_error_free(&dberr);

X cleanup();

X return (1);

X }

X /* subscribe to hotplug signals */

X dbus_bus_add_match(conn, MATCH_RULE, &dberr);

X if (dbus_error_is_set(&dberr)) {

X syslog(LOG_ERR, "dbus_bus_add_match: %s", dberr.message);

X dbus_error_free(&dberr);

X dbus_connection_unref(conn);

X cleanup();

X return (1);

X }

X if (!dbus_connection_add_filter(conn, signal_filter, NULL, NULL)) {

X syslog(LOG_ERR, "dbus_connection_add_filter failed");

X dbus_connection_unref(conn);

X cleanup();

X return (1);

X }

X /* main loop */

X while (!quit) {

X /* dispatch pending messages, with timeout for session check */

X if (!dbus_connection_read_write(conn, POLL_TIMEOUT))

X break; /* disconnected */

X while (dbus_connection_dispatch(conn) ==

X DBUS_DISPATCH_DATA_REMAINS)

X ;

X if (!session_alive()) {

X syslog(LOG_INFO, "session pid %d gone, exiting",

X (int)session_pid);

X break;

X }

X /* unload all modules on exit */

X for (i = 0; i < nmodules; i++) {

X syslog(LOG_INFO, "unloading module %d for %s",

X modules[i].index, modules[i].device);

X unload_module(modules[i].index);

X }

X dbus_connection_remove_filter(conn, signal_filter, NULL);

X dbus_connection_unref(conn);

X cleanup();

X closelog();

X return (0);

END-of-pa-hotplug/files/pa-hotplug.c

echo x - pa-hotplug/files/pa-hotplug.desktop

sed 's/^X//' >pa-hotplug/files/pa-hotplug.desktop << 'END-of-pa-hotplug/files/pa-hotplug.desktop'

X[Desktop Entry]

XType=Application

XName=PA Hotplug

XComment=Bridge audio device hotplug events to PulseAudio

XExec=pa-hotplug

XTerminal=false

XNoDisplay=true

XX-MATE-Autostart-enabled=true

XOnlyShowIn=MATE;

END-of-pa-hotplug/files/pa-hotplug.desktop

echo x - pa-hotplug/files/pa-hotplug-dbus.conf

sed 's/^X//' >pa-hotplug/files/pa-hotplug-dbus.conf << 'END-of-pa-hotplug/files/pa-hotplug-dbus.conf'

X<!DOCTYPE busconfig PUBLIC

X "-//freedesktop//DTD D-BUS Bus Configuration 1.0//EN"

X "http://www.freedesktop.org/standards/dbus/1.0/busconfig.dtd">

X<busconfig>

X

X <policy user="root">

X <allow send_type="signal" send_interface="org.netbsd.DeviceHotplug"/>

X </policy>

X

X <policy group="pulse">

X <allow receive_sender="org.netbsd.DeviceHotplug"/>

X <allow receive_interface="org.netbsd.DeviceHotplug"/>

X <allow eavesdrop="true"/>

X </policy>

X</busconfig>

END-of-pa-hotplug/files/pa-hotplug-dbus.conf

echo x - pa-hotplug/files/Makefile

sed 's/^X//' >pa-hotplug/files/Makefile << 'END-of-pa-hotplug/files/Makefile'

XPROG= pa-hotplug

XSRCS= pa-hotplug.c

XBINDIR= ${PREFIX}/bin

XMKMAN= no

XPKG_CONFIG?= pkg-config

XDBUS_CFLAGS!= ${PKG_CONFIG} --cflags dbus-1

XDBUS_LIBS!= ${PKG_CONFIG} --libs dbus-1

XCPPFLAGS+= ${DBUS_CFLAGS}

XLDADD+= -lutil ${DBUS_LIBS}

X.include <bsd.prog.mk>

END-of-pa-hotplug/files/Makefile

echo x - pa-hotplug/files/devpubd-hook.sh

sed 's/^X//' >pa-hotplug/files/devpubd-hook.sh << 'END-of-pa-hotplug/files/devpubd-hook.sh'

X#!/bin/sh

X# devpubd hook for audio device hotplug.

X# Sends D-Bus signals on the system bus when audio devices

X# are attached or detached.

X# Called by devpubd as: device-attach <device> / device-detach <device>

Xevent="$1"

Xdevice="$2"

X# Only handle audio devices

Xcase "$device" in

Xaudio*) ;;

X*) exit 0 ;;

Xesac

Xdevpath="/dev/${device}"

Xcase "$event" in

Xdevice-attach)

X /usr/pkg/bin/dbus-send --system --type=signal \

X /org/netbsd/DeviceHotplug \

X org.netbsd.DeviceHotplug.DeviceAdded \

X "string:${devpath}"

X ;;

Xdevice-detach)

X /usr/pkg/bin/dbus-send --system --type=signal \

X /org/netbsd/DeviceHotplug \

X org.netbsd.DeviceHotplug.DeviceRemoved \

X "string:${devpath}"

X ;;

Xesac

Xexit 0

END-of-pa-hotplug/files/devpubd-hook.sh

echo x - pa-hotplug/Makefile

sed 's/^X//' >pa-hotplug/Makefile << 'END-of-pa-hotplug/Makefile'

X# $NetBSD$

XDISTNAME= pa-hotplug-0.1

XCATEGORIES= audio

XMASTER_SITES= # empty

XDISTFILES= # empty

XMAINTAINER= pkgsrc-users%NetBSD.org@localhost

XHOMEPAGE= # empty

XCOMMENT= Bridge devpubd audio events to PulseAudio via D-Bus

XLICENSE= isc

XDEPENDS+= pulseaudio-[0-9]*:../../audio/pulseaudio

XUSE_DBUS-ARCH-DEPS_H= yes

XBUILDLINK_INCDIRS.dbus+= include/dbus-1.0

XUSE_TOOLS+= pkg-config

XINSTALLATION_DIRS+= bin

XINSTALLATION_DIRS+= share/examples/pa-hotplug

XEGDIR= ${PREFIX}/share/examples/pa-hotplug

XCONF_FILES_PERMS+= ${EGDIR}/devpubd-hook.sh \

X /libexec/devpubd-hooks/01-audio \

X root wheel 0555

XCONF_FILES_PERMS+= ${EGDIR}/pa-hotplug-dbus.conf \

X ${PREFIX}/etc/dbus-1/system.d/pa-hotplug.conf \

X root wheel 0644

XCONF_FILES_PERMS+= ${EGDIR}/pa-hotplug.desktop \

X ${PREFIX}/etc/xdg/autostart/pa-hotplug.desktop \

X root wheel 0644

XINSTALL_SCRIPT= INSTALL

XDEINSTALL_SCRIPT= DEINSTALL

Xdo-configure:

X @${TRUE}

Xdo-extract:

X ${MKDIR} ${WRKSRC}

X ${CP} ${FILESDIR}/pa-hotplug.c ${WRKSRC}/

X ${CP} ${FILESDIR}/Makefile ${WRKSRC}/

Xpost-install:

X ${INSTALL_DATA_DIR} ${DESTDIR}${EGDIR}

X ${INSTALL_DATA} ${FILESDIR}/devpubd-hook.sh \

X ${DESTDIR}${EGDIR}/devpubd-hook.sh

X ${INSTALL_DATA} ${FILESDIR}/pa-hotplug-dbus.conf \

X ${DESTDIR}${EGDIR}/pa-hotplug-dbus.conf

X ${INSTALL_DATA} ${FILESDIR}/pa-hotplug.desktop \

X ${DESTDIR}${EGDIR}/pa-hotplug.desktop

X.include "../../sysutils/dbus/buildlink3.mk"

X.include "../../mk/bsd.pkg.mk"

END-of-pa-hotplug/Makefile

echo x - pa-hotplug/PLIST

sed 's/^X//' >pa-hotplug/PLIST << 'END-of-pa-hotplug/PLIST'

X@comment $NetBSD$

Xbin/pa-hotplug

Xshare/examples/pa-hotplug/devpubd-hook.sh

Xshare/examples/pa-hotplug/pa-hotplug-dbus.conf

Xshare/examples/pa-hotplug/pa-hotplug.desktop

END-of-pa-hotplug/PLIST

echo x - pa-hotplug/distinfo

sed 's/^X//' >pa-hotplug/distinfo << 'END-of-pa-hotplug/distinfo'

X$NetBSD$

END-of-pa-hotplug/distinfo

echo c - pa-hotplug/.config

mkdir -p pa-hotplug/.config > /dev/null 2>&1

echo c - pa-hotplug/.config/pulse

mkdir -p pa-hotplug/.config/pulse > /dev/null 2>&1

exit

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