David Young wrote:
It's customary to use a 64-bit integer to count events in NetBSD because we don't expect for the count to roll over in the lifetime of a box running NetBSD. I've been thinking about what these wide integers do to the cache footprint of a system and wondering if we shouldn't make a couple of changes: 1) Cram just as many counters into each cacheline as possible. Extend/replace evcnt(9) to allow the caller to provide the storage for the integer. On a multiprocessor box, you don't want CPUs sharing counter cachelines if you can help it, but do cram together each individual CPU's counters. 2) Split all counters into two parts: high-order 32 bits, low-order 32 bits. It's only necessary to touch the high-order part when the low-order part rolls over, so in effect you split the counters into write-often (hot) and write-rarely (cold) parts. Cram together the cold parts in cachelines. Cram together the hot parts in cachelines. Only the hot parts change that often, so the ordinary footprint of counters in the cache is cut almost in half.
could I suggest:3) use smaller counters guaranteed not to overflow during a defined interval. These counters must incremented ignoring counter overflow.A background process gathers these keeping a copy of the last read value. By taking the unsigned difference between new count and old count and adding this to 64 bit count you can keep a 64bit counter API on the stats reader side.
notes:a) The small counters could be kept as per cpu counters and the background gather operation iterates across cpus collecting aggregates. b) so long as read and writes of small counters are atomic no locking is required and sometimes cache coherent accesses can be relaxed. c) the stats generator (fast path) should be able to be kept clean and simple, while the gather operation that occurs less often will have to perform the cache coherent reads. d) The gather operation could also be initiated by a read of a particular 64 bit stats counter if up to date information is required. e) The timing of the background gather operation could be self tuning to prevent overflow of the small counters. Just keep sufficient clear bits in the high order bits of the unsigned(new - old) delta result. f) overflow of the small counters cannot be proven, in that the count delta will probably jump between large and small values when overflow occurs.
I suppose you could split counters into four or more parts of 16 or fewer bits each, and in that shrink the footprint even further, but it seems that you would reach a point of diminishing returns very quickly. Perhaps this has been tried before and found to (not) work reasonably well? Dave